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Human milk is uniquely tailored to meet infants’ specific nutritional requirements. However, it is more than just “milk”. This dynamic and bioactive fluid allows mother–infant signalling over lactation, guiding the infant in the developmental and…

Feeding during the first two years of life is very important for the nutrition and growth of an infant. It has a great effect on early morbidity and mortality and long-term effects on health. Breastfeeding has many benefits for both the infant and…

This volume covers aspects of sudden infant and early childhood death, ranging from issues with parental grief, to the most recent theories of brainstem neurotransmitters. It also deals with the changes that have occurred over time with the…

nfant and neonatal health is one of the areas of greatest development and evolution within pediatrics. This edited volume Update on Critical Issues in Infant and Neonatal Care is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters offering a…

Hypertension and its resultant complications do occur in childhood and track into adulthood. It’s estimated that > 3% of all children have hypertension, with an even greater prevalence among obese children (20-47%). The etiology of hypertension is…

At least 20 million children worldwide would benefit from Pediatric Palliative Care (PPC) annually, and eight million children would need specialized PPC services. In the USA alone, more than 42,000 children, 0–19 years, die annually; fifty-five…

Sleep-related symptoms are common in the majority of psychiatric diagnostic categories. The overlap of sleep and psychiatric disorders have been demonstrated in numerous studies. The understanding of sleep and child psychiatry has progressively…

Negative influence of cerebral circulation with the emergence of cerebral hypoperfusion plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of pediatric hydrocephalus. Transcranial Doppler sonography is a non-invasive method for indirectly measuring…

Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms is an updated review of some common pediatric surgical problems. The authors of the chapters have made a full review of the selected topics including the basic science facts necessary for the…

Brazilian society was shaken by turmoil in the 1920s and 1930s. The country was rocked by heated debates over race and immigration, burgeoning social movements in cities and the countryside, entrenched oligarchies clinging to power, and nature being…