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Pain biomarkers are biological indicators or measurable characteristics that can provide information about the presence, severity, or underlying mechanisms of pain. They are valuable for several reasons: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis:…

Oral cancer is a commonly occurring head and neck cancer, with 90% of cases diagnosed
as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Histologically, OSCC is derived from a multistep
mechanism known as oral carcinogenesis, which progresses from normal…